Annual report pursuant to Section 13 and 15(d)

STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

v3.6.0.2
STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2016
Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract]  
STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
 
We have one active share-based award plan, the amended and restated 2008 Omnibus Incentive Plan. This plan was originally approved by our shareholders in 2008 and was amended and restated with shareholder approval in May 2013 to, among other things, increase the reserve for awards under the plan by 11 million shares.  The plan provides our directors, officers and certain key employees with stock options and nonvested stock. The plan is described below. We expect to issue common shares held as either treasury stock or new issue shares upon the exercise of stock options or once nonvested shares vest. Total stock-based compensation expense in our Consolidated Statements of Income during the twelve months ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, was as follows:
 
 
Twelve Months Ended December 31,
 
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
 
 
(In millions)
Cost of services
 
$
4.5

 
$
5.0

 
$
4.6

Selling, general and administrative expenses
 
32.6

 
33.4

 
33.5

Stock-based compensation expense, before income taxes
 
$
37.1

 
$
38.4

 
$
38.1


 
The total income tax benefit recognized for stock-based compensation expense was $13.3 million, $13.8 million and $13.7 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
 
Benefits of tax deductions in excess of recognized compensation cost are reported as a financing cash flow, rather than as an operating cash flow. This requirement reduced operating cash flows and increased financing cash flows by $35.9, $30.0 million and $17.7 million during the twelve months ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
 
Stock Options.   The 2008 Omnibus Incentive Plan provides that qualified and nonqualified stock options may be granted to officers and other employees. In conjunction with our acquisition of TALX, we assumed options outstanding under the legacy TALX stock option plan, which was approved by TALX shareholders. In addition, stock options remain outstanding under three shareholder-approved plans and three non-shareholder-approved plans from which no new grants may be made. The 2008 Omnibus Incentive Plan requires that stock options be granted at exercise prices not less than market value on the date of grant. Generally, stock options are subject to graded vesting for periods of up to three years based on service, with 33% vesting for each year of completed service, and expire ten years from the grant date.
 
We use the binomial model to calculate the fair value of stock options granted on or after January 1, 2006. The binomial model incorporates assumptions regarding anticipated employee exercise behavior, expected stock price volatility, dividend yield and risk-free interest rate. Anticipated employee exercise behavior and expected post-vesting cancellations over the contractual term used in the binomial model were primarily based on historical exercise patterns. These historical exercise patterns indicated there was not significantly different exercise behavior between employee groups. For our expected stock price volatility assumption, we weighted historical volatility and implied volatility. We used daily observations for historical volatility, while our implied volatility assumption was based on actively traded options related to our common stock. The expected term is derived from the binomial model, based on assumptions incorporated into the binomial model as described above.
 
The fair value for stock options granted during the twelve months ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, was estimated at the date of grant, using the binomial model with the following weighted-average assumptions:
 
Twelve Months Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
Dividend yield
1.2
%
 
1.2
%
 
1.4
%
Expected volatility
19.4
%
 
21.2
%
 
21.1
%
Risk-free interest rate
1.2
%
 
1.3
%
 
1.6
%
Expected term (in years)
4.8

 
4.8

 
4.8

Weighted-average fair value of stock options granted
$
20.62

 
$
16.75

 
$
12.63


  
The following table summarizes changes in outstanding stock options during the twelve months ended December 31, 2016, as well as stock options that are vested and expected to vest and stock options exercisable at December 31, 2016: 
 
Shares
 
Weighted-Average Exercise Price
 
Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term
 
Aggregate Intrinsic Value
 
(In thousands)
 
 
 
(In years)
 
(In millions)
Outstanding at December 31, 2015
1,866

 
$
49.54

 
 
 
 

Granted (all at market price)
181

 
$
131.41

 

 


Exercised
(779
)
 
$
40.61

 

 


Forfeited and canceled
(40
)
 
$
72.06

 

 


Outstanding at December 31, 2016
1,228

 
$
66.81

 
7.0
 
$
65.6

Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2016
1,177

 
$
65.25

 
6.9
 
$
64.5

Exercisable at December 31, 2016
856

 
$
48.43

 
5.8
 
$
59.8


 
The aggregate intrinsic value amounts in the table above represent the difference between the closing price of Equifax’s common stock on December 31, 2016 and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the-money stock options as of the same date. This represents the value that would have been received by the stock option holders if they had all exercised their stock options on December 31, 2016. In future periods, this amount will change depending on fluctuations in Equifax’s stock price. The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the twelve months ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, was $64.8 million, $52.3 million and $42.8 million, respectively. At December 31, 2016, our total unrecognized compensation cost related to stock options was $3.0 million with a weighted-average recognition period of 1.5 years.
   
The following table summarizes changes in outstanding options and the related weighted-average exercise price per share for the twelve months ended December 31, 2015 and 2014:
 
December 31,
 
2015
 
2014
 
Shares
 
Weighted-
Average Price
 
Shares
 
Weighted-
Average Price
 
(In thousands)
 
 
 
(In thousands)
 
 
Outstanding at the beginning of the year
2,579

 
$
42.54

 
3,530

 
$
37.85

Granted (all at market price)
189

 
$
97.21

 
249

 
$
73.46

Exercised
(888
)
 
$
38.74

 
(1,145
)
 
$
34.81

Forfeited and canceled
(14
)
 
$
58.24

 
(55
)
 
$
49.12

Outstanding at the end of the year
1,866

 
$
49.54

 
2,579

 
$
42.54

Exercisable at end of year
1,411

 
$
39.90

 
1,970

 
$
36.39


 
Nonvested Stock.   Our 2008 Omnibus Incentive Plan also provides for awards of nonvested shares of our common stock that can be granted to executive officers, employees and directors. Nonvested stock awards are generally subject to cliff vesting over a period between one to three years based on service.   
The fair value of nonvested stock is based on the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant. However, since our nonvested stock does not accrue or pay dividends during the vesting period, the fair value on the date of grant is reduced by the present value of the expected dividends over the requisite service period (discounted using the appropriate risk-free interest rate).

Pursuant to our 2008 Omnibus Incentive Plan, certain executive officers are granted nonvested shares in which the number of shares is dependent upon the Company’s three-year total shareholder return relative to the three-year total shareholder return of the companies in the S&P 500 stock index, as comprised on the grant date, subject to adjustment. The number of shares which could potentially be issued ranges from zero to 200% of the target award. The grants outstanding subject to market performance as of December 31, 2016 would result in 337,940 shares outstanding at 100% of target and 675,880 at 200% of target at the end of the vesting period. Compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the measurement period and is based upon the fair market value of the shares estimated to be earned at the date of grant. The fair value of the performance-based shares is estimated on the date of grant using a Monte-Carlo simulation.

The following table summarizes changes in our nonvested stock during the twelve months ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 and the related weighted-average grant date fair value:
 
Shares
 
Weighted-Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
 
(In thousands)
 
 

Nonvested at December 31, 2013
1,695

 
$
46.50

Granted
580

 
$
70.89

Vested
(480
)
 
$
35.83

Forfeited
(95
)
 
$
52.16

Nonvested at December 31, 2014
1,700

 
$
57.52

Granted
472

 
$
79.26

Vested
(698
)
 
$
39.21

Forfeited
(43
)
 
$
59.05

Nonvested at December 31, 2015
1,431

 
$
72.64

Granted
460

 
$
84.07

Vested
(645
)
 
$
55.28

Forfeited
(59
)
 
$
73.54

Nonvested at December 31, 2016
1,187

 
$
87.54


 
The total fair value of nonvested stock that vested during the twelve months ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, was $71.7 million, $65.0 million and $34.4 million, respectively, based on the weighted-average fair value on the vesting date, and $38.8 million, $31.3 million and $17.2 million, respectively, based on the weighted-average fair value on the date of grant. At December 31, 2016, our total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested stock was $29.3 million with a weighted-average recognition period of 1.9 years.